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Development of a novel two-stage proportional valve with a pilot digital flow distribution

Qiang GAO, Yuchuan ZHU, Changwen WU, Yulei JIANG

《机械工程前沿(英文)》 2021年 第16卷 第2期   页码 420-434 doi: 10.1007/s11465-020-0622-2

摘要: Pilot two-stage proportional valves are widely used in high-power hydraulic systems. For the purpose of improving the dynamic performance, reliability, and digitization of the traditional proportional valve, a novel two-stage proportional valve with a pilot digital flow distribution is proposed from the viewpoint of the dual nozzle-flapper valve’s working principle. In particular, the dual nozzle-flapper is decoupled by two high-speed on/off valves (HSVs). First, the working principle and mathematical model of the proposed valve are determined. Then, the influences of the control parameters (duty cycle and switching frequency) and structural parameters (fixed orifice’s diameter and main valve’s spring) on the main valve’s motion are analyzed on the basis of theory, simulation, and experiment. In addition, in optimizing the value of the fixed orifice’s diameter, a new design criterion that considers the maximum pressure sensitivity, flow controllability, and flow linearization is proposed to improve the balance between the effective displacement and the displacement fluctuation of the main valve. The new scheme is verified by simulations and experiments. Experimental results of the closed-loop displacement tracking have demonstrated that the delay time of the main valve is always within 3.5 ms under different working conditions, and the tracking error can be significantly reduced using the higher switching frequency. The amplitude–frequency experiments indicate that a ‒3 dB-frequency of the proposed valve can reach 9.5 Hz in the case of±50% full scale and 15 Hz in the case of 0%–50% full scale. The values can be further improved by increasing the flow rate of the pilot HSV.

关键词: two-stage proportional valve     digital flow distribution     high-speed on/off valve     position tracking characteristic     dynamic performance    

Application of digital holography to circle flow bed boiler measurement

PU Shiliang, WANG Qinghui, CEN Kefa, Denis Lebrun, REN Kuanfang

《能源前沿(英文)》 2007年 第1卷 第2期   页码 218-222 doi: 10.1007/s11708-007-0029-3

摘要: The spatial distribution of particles in the boiler is very important in the study on the circle flow bed boiler (CFB). Digital in-line holography technique was applied to obtain the spatial and diameter distribution of the particles inside the boiler. A HE-NE laser was used to illuminate the particles inside the CFB through two glass windows and the in-line diffraction pattern was recorded by a CCD camera. The diffraction can be interpreted as a convolution between a family of wavelet functions and the object function. So the three-dimensional (3D) images of the particles in the two-phase flow were reconstructed by the convolution between diffraction pattern and wavelet functions. The particle diameters and 3D coordinates were calculated from the reconstructed 3D images by a series of image-processing methods, followed by a discussion of the experimental results.

关键词: HE-NE     function     convolution     two-phase     diffraction    

Simulation of horizontal slug-flow pneumatic conveying with kinetic theory

GU Zhengmeng, GUO Liejin

《能源前沿(英文)》 2007年 第1卷 第3期   页码 336-340 doi: 10.1007/s11708-007-0050-6

摘要: Wavelike slug-flow is a representative flow type in horizontal pneumatic conveying. Kinetic theory was introduced to establish a 3D kinetic numerical model for wavelike slug gas-solid flow in this paper. Wavelike motion of particulate slugs in horizontal pipes was numerically investigated. The formation and motion process of slugs and settled layer were simulated. The characteristics of the flow, such as pressure drop, air velocity distribution, slug length and settled layer thickness, and the detailed changing characteristics of slug length and settled layer thickness with air velocity were obtained. The results indicate that kinetic theory can represent the physical characteristics of the non-suspension dense phase flow of wavelike slug pneumatic conveying. The experiment in this paper introduced a new idea for the numerical calculation of slug-flow pneumatic conveying.

关键词: velocity distribution     detailed     slug-flow     gas-solid     theory    

城市给水管网恒定流和瞬变流数学模型研究

汪守东,沈永明,姜恒志

《中国工程科学》 2007年 第9卷 第12期   页码 26-30

摘要:

首先基于节点方程法,建立了给水管网恒定流数学模型,并采用经改进的牛顿迭代法实现了对模型的求解;其次由特征线法建立了给水管网瞬变流数学模型,可预测管网运行中出现的有害水击,并求得可能出现的最大(最小)水压及其相应发生的位置。实例研究表明,建立的模型是可靠的,且具有计算速度快、精度高等优点,可以用于城市给水管网的水力平衡数值模拟研究和为设计者防护水击所采取的措施提供理论依据。

关键词: 给水管网     恒定流     瞬变流     水击     牛顿迭代法    

Deformation field and crack analyses of concrete using digital image correlation method

Yijie HUANG, Xujia HE, Qing WANG, Jianzhuang XIAO

《结构与土木工程前沿(英文)》 2019年 第13卷 第5期   页码 1183-1199 doi: 10.1007/s11709-019-0545-3

摘要: The study on the deformation distribution and crack propagation of concrete under axial compression was conducted by the digital image correlation (DIC) method. The main parameter in this test is the water-cement ( / ) ratio. The novel analysis process and numerical program for DIC method were established. The displacements and strains of coarse aggregate, and cement mortar and interface transition zone (ITZ) were obtained and verified by experimental results. It was found that the axial displacement distributed non-uniformly during the loading stage, and the axial displacements of ITZs and cement mortar were larger than that of coarse aggregates before the occurrence of macro-cracks. The effect of / on the horizontal displacement was not obvious. Test results also showed that the transverse and shear deformation concentration areas (DCAs) were formed when stress reached 30%–40% of the peak stress. The transverse and shear DCAs crossed the cement mortar, and ITZs and coarse aggregates. However, the axial DCA mainly surrounded the coarse aggregate. Generally, the higher / was, the more size and number of DCAs were. The crack propagations of specimens varied with the variation of / . The micro-crack of concrete mainly initiated in the ITZs, irrespective of the / . The number and distribution range of cracks in concrete with high / were larger than those of cracks in specimen adopting low / . However, the value and width of cracks in high / specimen were relatively small. The / had an obvious effect on the characteristics of concrete deterioration. Finally, the characteristics of crack was also evaluated by comparing the calculated results.

关键词: deformation filed distribution     crack development     digital image correlation method     mechanical properties     water-cement ratio     characteristics of deformation and crack    

Digital representation of meso-geomaterial spatial distribution and associated numerical analysis of

YUE Zhongqi

《结构与土木工程前沿(英文)》 2007年 第1卷 第1期   页码 80-93 doi: 10.1007/s11709-007-0008-0

摘要: This paper presents the author's efforts in the past decade for the establishment of a practical approach of digital representation of the geomaterial distribution of different minerals, particulars, and components in the meso-scale range (0.1 to 500 mm). The primary goal of the approach is to provide a possible solution to solve the two intrinsic problems associated with the current main-stream methods for geomechanics. The problems are (1) the constitutive models and parameters of soils and rocks cannot be given accurately in geomechanical prediction; and (2) there are numerous constitutive models of soils and rocks in the literature. The problems are possibly caused by the homogenization or averaging method in analyzing laboratory test results for establishing the constitutive models and parameters. The averaging method employs an assumption that the test samples can be represented by a homogeneous medium. Such averaging method ignores the fact that the geomaterial samples are also consisted of a number of materials and components whose properties may have significant differences. In the proposed approach, digital image processing methods are used as measurement tools to construct a digital representation for the actual spatial distribution of the different materials and components in geomaterial samples. The digital data are further processed to automatically generate meshes or grids for numerical analysis. These meshes or grids can be easily incorporated into existing numerical software packages for further mechanical analysis and failure prediction of the geomaterials under external loading. The paper presents case studies to illustrate the proposed approach. Further discussions are also made on how to use the proposed approach to develop the geomechanics by taking into account the geomaterial behavior at micro-scale, meso-scale and macro-scale levels. A literature review of the related developments is given by examining the SCI papers in the database of Science Citation Index Expanded. The results of this review have shown that the proposed approach is one of the latest research and developments in geomechanics where actual spatial distribution and properties of materials and components at the meso-level are taken into account.

关键词: homogeneous     numerical analysis     Expanded     homogenization     meso-level    

Three-dimensional numerical simulation of flow in trapezoidal cutthroat flumes based on FLOW-3D

Danjie RAN, Wene WANG, Xiaotao HU

《农业科学与工程前沿(英文)》 2018年 第5卷 第2期   页码 168-176 doi: 10.15302/J-FASE-2018217

摘要: To solve the common problem of flumes flow-measurement accuracy without sacrificing water head, a new type of trapezoidal cutthroat flume to measure the discharge in terminal trapezoidal channels is presented. Using the computational fluid dynamic method, three-dimensional flow fields in trapezoidal cutthroat flumes were simulated using the RNG three-dimensional turbulence model along with the TruVOF technique. Simulations were performed for 12 working conditions, with discharges up to 0.075 m ·s to determine hydraulic performance. Experimental data for the trapezoidal cutthroat flume in terminal trapezoidal channel were also obtained to validate the simulation results. Velocity distribution of the flume obtained from simulation analyses were compared with observed results based on time-averaged flow field and comparison yielded a solid agreement between results from the two methods, with relative error below 10%. The results indicated that the Froude number and the longitudinal average velocity increased along the convergence section and decreased in the divergent section. In the upper throat, the Froude number was less than 0.5, which meets the water measurement requirement, and the critical flow appeared near the throat section. The maximum water head loss of the trapezoidal cutthroat flume was less than 9% of the total head, compared to the rectangular cutthroat flume, and head loss of trapezoidal cutthroat flume was significantly less. Regression models developed for upstream depth versus discharge under different working conditions were satisfactory, with a relative error of less than 2.06%, which meets the common requirements of flow measurement in irrigation areas. It was concluded that trapezoidal cutthroat flumes can improve flow-measurement accuracy without sacrificing water head.

关键词: distribution of velocity     Froude number     head loss     stage-discharge relationship     trapezoidal cutthroat flume    

Effect of inlet box on performance of axial flow fans

LI Jingyin, TIAN Hua, YUAN Xiaofang

《能源前沿(英文)》 2008年 第2卷 第4期   页码 390-394 doi: 10.1007/s11708-008-0087-1

摘要: Numerical investigations on 3D flow fields in an axial flow fan with and without an inlet box have been extensively conducted, focusing on the variation of fan performance caused by the internal flow fields and the velocity evenness at the exit of the inlet box. It is interesting to find that although the inlet box is well designed in accordance with basic design principles, there is a flow separation region in it. Furthermore, this flow separation and the resulting uneven velocity distribution at the exit lead to some decrease in the efficiency and an increase in the total pressure rise of the fan. This research shows that the inlet box needs further improvement and such a check on the flow fields is of value for the design of inlet boxes.

关键词: box     velocity distribution     accordance     Numerical     variation    

Quantification of coarse aggregate shape in concrete

Xianglin GU,Yvonne TRAN,Li HONG

《结构与土木工程前沿(英文)》 2014年 第8卷 第3期   页码 308-321 doi: 10.1007/s11709-014-0266-6

摘要: The objective of this study is to choose indices for the characterization of aggregate form and angularity for large scale application. For this purpose, several parameters for aggregate form and angularity featured in previous research are presented. Then, based on these established parameters, 200 coarse quartzite aggregates are analyzed herein by using image processing technology. This paper also analyzes the statistical distributions of parameters for aggregate form and angularity as well as the correlation between form and angularity parameters. It was determined that the parameters for form or angularity of coarse aggregates could be fitted by either normal distribution or log-normal distribution at a 95% confidence level. Some of the form parameters were influenced by changes in angularity characteristics, while aspect ratio and angularity using outline slope, area ratio and radius angularity index, and aspect ratio and angularity index were independent of each other, respectively; and consequently, the independent parameters could be used to quantify the aggregate form and angularity for the purpose to study the influence of aggregate shape on the mechanical behavior of concrete. Furthermore, results from this study’s in-depth investigations showed that the aspect ratio and the angularity index can further understanding of the effects of coarse aggregates form and angularity on concrete mechanical properties, respectively. Finally, coarse aggregates with the same content, type and surfaces texture, but different aspect ratios and angularity indices were used to study the influence of coarse aggregate form and angularity on the behavior of concrete. It was revealed that the splitting tensile strength of concrete increased with increases in the aspect ratio or angularity index of coarse aggregates.

关键词: coarse aggregate     form     angularity     digital image analysis     statistical distribution     splitting tensile strength    

Characterization of 3D microstructure, thermal conductivity, and heat flow of cement-based foam using

《结构与土木工程前沿(英文)》 2021年 第15卷 第3期   页码 643-651 doi: 10.1007/s11709-021-0709-9

摘要: This study presents the results of the 3D microstructure, thermal conductivity, and heat flow in cement-based foams and examines their changes with a range of densities. Images were captured using X-ray micro computed tomography (micro-CT) imaging technique on cement-based foam samples prepared with densities of 400, 600, and 800 kg/m3. These images were later simulated and quantified using 3D data visualization and analysis software. Based on the analysis, the pore volume of 11000 µm3 was determined across the three densities, leading to optimal results. However, distinct pore diameters of 15 µm for 800 kg/m3, and 20 µm for 600 and 400 kg/m3 were found to be optimum. Most of the pores were spherical, with only 10% appearing elongated or fractured. In addition, a difference of 15% was observed between the 2D and 3D porosity results. Moreover, a difference of 5% was noticed between the experimentally measured thermal conductivity and the numerically predicted value and this variation was constant across the three cast densities. The 3D model showed that heat flows through the cement paste solids and with an increase in porosity this flow reduces.

关键词: 3D pore volume distribution     X-ray tomography     3D shape factor     heat flow    

Numerical analysis of 3-D unsteady flow in a vaneless counter-rotating turbine

ZHAO Qingjun, WANG Huishe, ZHAO Xiaolu, XU Jianzhong

《能源前沿(英文)》 2007年 第1卷 第3期   页码 352-358 doi: 10.1007/s11708-007-0053-3

摘要: To reveal the unsteady flow characteristics of a vaneless counter-rotating turbine (VCRT), a three-dimensional, viscous, unsteady computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis was performed. The results show that unsteady simulation is superior to steady simulation because more flow characteristics can be obtained. The unsteady effects in upstream airfoil rows are weaker than those in downstream airfoil rows in the VCRT. The static pressure distribution along the span in the pressure surface of a high pressure turbine stator is more uniform than that in the suction surface. The static pressure distributions along the span in the pressure surfaces and the suction surfaces of a high pressure turbine rotor and a low pressure turbine rotor are all uneven. The numerical results also indicate that the load of a high pressure turbine rotor will increase with the increase of the span. The deviation is very big between the direction of air flow at the outlet of a high pressure turbine rotor and the axial direction. A similar result can also be obtained in the outlet of a low pressure turbine rotor. This means that the specific work of a high pressure turbine rotor and a low pressure turbine rotor is big enough to reach the design objectives.

关键词: unsteady flow     three-dimensional     pressure distribution     similar result     unsteady simulation    

工业互联网生态系统模型研究与应用

赵敏 ,刘俊艳 ,朱铎先

《中国工程科学》 2022年 第24卷 第4期   页码 53-61 doi: 10.15302/J-SSCAE-2022.04.006

摘要:

工业互联网是推动工业高质量发展的重要引擎,加快发展工业互联网,有助于我国制造业转型升级,提高国际竞争 力。为构建适用于大、中、小、微企业的工业互联网模型,本文在对国内外工业互联网模型进行分析的基础上,运用系统分 析方法,创新性地提出了由“三维四流六层”空间结构构成的工业互联网生态系统模型。本文分析了工业互联网生态系统模 型的运行机理,即实体流、资源流、数智流及动态价值流运行机理,其中数智流展现出了数据作为新型生产要素在该模型不 同层级、维度的流动价值,说明了企业生产系统和交付产品的智能化水平提升的基本逻辑,同时也阐明了数字化转型的基本 路径。工业互联网生态系统模型强调工业属性,通过案例实证研究,本文验证了该模型在助力企业深刻认知工业互联网演进 及实现路径、融入工业互联网平台的有效性。

《一、 前言》

一、 前言

工业互联网是赋能工业企业、推动工业高质量发展的重要引擎。2022年《政府工作报告》再次强调,加快发展工业互联网。近年来,随着我国制造业领域智能制造转型升级步伐不断加快,工业互联网在各地得到快速发展,逐渐成为业内学者研究的热点议题。

国内学者对工业互联网的研究,从技术层面看集中于网络、平台、安全和数据等功能体系,涉及对平台架构设计、标准体系、安全、评价指标等方面。相关研究内容包括:提出面向产业发展需求的工业互联网标准体系框架,涵盖基础共性、网络、数据、平台、安全等方面 [1];从技术角度对工业互联网平台建设涉及的设备、数据、网络等要素给出理论说明 [2];从技术角度提出工业互联网的基本概念,分析工业互联网体系架构及关键技术 [3,4];构建工业互联网平台评价指标,以期通过评价指标的建立指导工业互联网平台良性发展 [5];从加强核心技术的自主研发与应用的角度出发,提出企业是工业互联网的主体,要进一步完善工业互联网标准体系建设等 [6]。在应用层面,相关研究主要集中在消费互联网融通发展方面。相关研究内容涵盖:在对国内平台型企业如海尔COSMOPlat、浪潮云、阿里云进行分析对比的基础上,总结得出工业互联网平台特征,并提出工业互联网的工业端内容有待进一步深入研究 [7,8];从分析工业互联网技术在农机供应链创新结构与运作模式、航空装备复杂协同制造、流程工业智能化制造等方面的应用出发,凝练了适用于中小企业的工业互联网体系建设与模型 [9~11];从工业互联网视角提出制造业转型升级的生态治理逻辑,并指出这不仅是企业供应链生态,更是从企业、政府两个方面解读转型升级的生态构成 [12];提出工业互联网平台可促进资本配置结构优化、实现价值共创 [13,14]。

整体来看,已有研究普遍阐释了工业互联网平台的较好功能性,但以企业视角尤其是中小企业视角来解读如何逐步实现该类功能的研究还需深入。特别是聚焦工业现场,以管理升级为导向,对同时适用于中小工业企业的工业互联技术应用的基本原理、要素构成,如何嫁接工业互联网技术以促进工业经济、产业转型升级的发展机理,都需要深入研究。本文聚焦工业互联网的工业属性,通过构建全新的工业互联网模型,厘清工业互联网促进第二产业升级的基本原理,总结其应用实施的方法论,并将研究成果外溢到第一、第三产业(如农业、医疗、物流、交通等)的融合过程。

《二、 工业互联网模型再认知》

二、 工业互联网模型再认知

《(一) 国内外现有工业互联网参考模型及对比分析》

(一) 国内外现有工业互联网参考模型及对比分析

鉴于国情、发展阶段及目标不同,各国对工业互联网模型的定义和实施,因工业基础条件不同而各有差异。国际标准化组织将智能制造和工业互联网划归为同类事物,通常将德国的工业4.0参考架构模型(RAMI4.0),美国的智能制造生态系统(SMS)、工业互联网参考架构(IIRA),日本的工业价值链参考价格(IVRA)等放在一起来对比研究。国内外常见的工业互联网相关模型有13种(见表1)。

《表1》

表1 国内外工业互联网相关参考模型概况

模型名称 制定组织
RAMI4.0 德国工业4.0平台
SMS 美国国家标准与技术研究院(NIST)
IIRA 工业互联网联盟(IIC)
智能制造系统架构(IMSA) 中国国家智能制造标准化总体组
物联网概念模型 国际标准化组织和国际电工委员会第一联合技术委员会物联网工作组(ISO/IEC JTC1/WG10)
电气和电子工程师协会(IEEE)物联网参考模型 IEEE物联网体系框架标准工作组(IEEE P2413)
国际电信联盟(ITU)物联网参考模型 ITU物联网和智慧城市研究组(ITU-T SG20)
物联网架构参考模型 物联网协议联盟(oneM2M)
全局三维图 国际标准化组织自动化系统与集成技术委员会(ISO/TC184)
智能制造标准路线图框架 法国国家制造创新网络(AIF)
IVRA 日本工业价值链计划(IVI)
智能制造总体架构(IMGA) 中国工程院
工业互联网体系架构2.0 中国信息通信研究院

在现有的国内外工业互联网模型中,德国、美国、日本的工业互联网模型的构建思想和标准约束技术路径等尤为值得学习与借鉴。表2列出了对5种典型工业互联网参考模型的对比分析情况。

《表2》

表2 典型工业互联网参考模型对比

模型 特点 中国企情
RAMI4.0 三维模型,以数字工厂为基本单元,以管理壳为赋能工具,实现纵向、端到端、横向3个方面的集成,要求有较强的工业生态基础,较好的数字化和标准基础 绝大多数企业不具备较好的数字化和标准基础,纵向集成有待完善,端到端普遍做不好,横向集成因缺乏统一规则而极难促成
SMS 三维模型,聚焦3个生命周期的数字化管理,基于企业系统与控制系统集成国际标准ISA95构建“制造金字塔”,要求较高的管理标准化水平,强调制造生态 绝大多数企业不具备较高的管理标准化水平,对产品、生产、业务3个生命周期普遍管理不到位
IIRA 三维模型,以企业为单元,要求企业具备良好的标准和信息技术基础,平台具有跨行业能力 绝大多数企业的管理标准化水平和信息技术水平欠佳,企业平台不具备跨行业能力,或尚未建立平台
IVRA 三维模型,倡导以人为本,精益管理思想深入人心,强调工厂生态 绝大多数企业工业工程管理技术薄弱,精益管理尚未普及
工业互联网体系架构2.0 三维模型,要求企业具备良好的功能架构能力与技术体系,企业积累较多数据,有较强数据建模能力 绝大多数企业没有企业架构概念,技术体系十分薄弱甚至尚未建立,缺乏数据及数据建模能力

(1)德国的RAMI4.0是以数字化工厂为核心,有着严谨的分层管理的结构,以强大工业生态基础、工业3.0左右的数字化水平、较多标准(约700项)约束为实施起点,对尚未完成工业化、数字化水平参差不齐、质量意识普遍不强的我国企业来说,大多数企业尤其是绝大多数中小企业尚不具备应用该模型的条件。

(2)美国国家标准与技术研究院(NIST)推出的SMS模型,将产品生命周期、工厂生命周期、订单生命周期作为3个维度,交汇点在“制造金字塔”上,强调基于标准来建立“智能制造生态系统”。该模式适用于标准较为完备的大型企业,要求具有较好的生命周期管理类工业软件基础。我国很多企业尤其是中小企业没有相关标准或不遵循相关标准,且信息技术基础薄弱,很难采用该模型。

(3)IIRA模型是由美国工业互联网联盟(IIC)提出的一种工业互联网参考架构模型,曾经与RAMI 4.0进行对标。IIRA比较强调架构,适用于IIC成员和工业物联网社区架构师进行操作,实施基础要求企业具备良好的标准和信息技术基础,同样也不适用于绝大多数国内企业。

(4)日本IVRA模型是唯一一个将人作为一种特殊资源纳入资产维度的模型,并且加入了管理学的计划、实施、检查、行动(PDCA)戴明环。这是由于日本企业长期形成了以人为本的雇佣文化、对人机关系的深入理解和企业无处不在的精益思想。我国企业普遍存在一定的管理短板和粗放式经营,致使无法直接套用该模型。

(5)我国提出的工业互联网体系架构2.0,给出了工业互联网的功能框架、技术体系及实施框架,从技术角度解构了工业互联网体系架构。但该架构略显复杂,对于大型企业来说,理解起来尚不容易,对于中小微企业来说,他们普遍缺乏架构概念,理解起来难度更大。

模型是企业实施工业互联网的地图,适合我国国情、企情的工业互联网模型能让企业明确方向,快速找到实施切入点和实施路径。为此,学习和借鉴世界先进工业互联网模型的优秀顶层设计思想,如德国、美国、日本,汲取其技术精华和共性要素(三维模型、强调生态等),剔除其不适用部分,是构建我国自主工业互联网模型的出发点和立足点。

此外,除借鉴德国、美国、日本等既有工业互联网模型的设计优点外,我们在构建适合我国的工业互联网模型时,还需要辨识和澄清工业互联网若干认知误区。

《(二) 工业互联网认知误区辨析》

(二) 工业互联网认知误区辨析

《1. 工业互联网并非仅是信息基础设施》

1. 工业互联网并非仅是信息基础设施

工业互联网不仅是“产品 ‒ 人 ‒ 机 ‒ 料 ‒ 法 ‒ 环 ‒ 测”等工业端的技术联接,也不仅是其运行机理的映射,还包含了这些工业端的管理关系、工艺关系、生产组织、上下游实体供应链等关系网络的映射。工业现场数据一直与其所依附的工业端发生着密不可分的高频互动,以复杂的数据种类映射着更为复杂的工业现场关系网络。数据按照所映射的工业现场关系网络进行传递、穿透和加载,按照给定工业机理模型和算法进行计算、分析和推理,最后做出解决工业现场实际问题的业务决策 / 预测。

从工业互联网所具有的上述工业属性来看,不能仅将工业互联网看作是与大数据、人工智能(AI)、第五代移动通信(5G)等新一代信息与通信技术(ICT)同类的新型“信息基础设施”,而应该同时将其看作是新型“工业基础设施”。

《2. 工业互联网并非仅是物联网》

2. 工业互联网并非仅是物联网

进入21世纪以来,物联网产业蓬勃兴起,物理实体正在越来越大的范围内实现互联互通。工业互联网是基于工业以太网 / 工控网、工业物联网而建立的工业原生互联网络。“工业现场+工业端”既是产生问题的本体和土壤,也是解决问题的资源和抓手。工业物联网聚焦工业领域,以工业现场的“产品 ‒ 人 ‒ 机 ‒ 料 ‒ 法 ‒ 环 ‒ 测”等工业端为基本资源和联接、赋能对象,具有较强的工业属性;而物联网联接范围更广,主要联接的是不具备工业属性的实物端,二者有较大区别。

《3. 工业互联网并非仅是技术网络》

3. 工业互联网并非仅是技术网络

原生互联网络是自然界一种超越技术的客观存在,如星球之间存在引力网、生物之间存在生态网、人际之间存在关系网、企业之间存在协作网等,这些网络并非是由于技术网络发展后才建立的,而恰恰是技术网络不断学习、模仿客观存在的原生互联网络,并且与其不断叠加、融合,才发展到了今天的技术高度。通过对近年来实施工业互联网的行业数据进行分析后发现,当该行业的企业实体关系网络较发达时,工业互联网应用水平也较高(如经营网络高度发达的电力和轻工行业,稳居全国榜首)。因此,研究工业互联网模型不能只谈技术网络,仅凭技术视角,中小企业所具有的地域协作网、家族关系网、乡土合作网等实体关系网络,也应该是研究重点。而在国内外现有的工业互联网模型中,未见到对企业实体关系网的研究内容。

《4. 工业互联网并非仅是大企业的领地》

4. 工业互联网并非仅是大企业的领地

目前,我国工业互联网的发展路径主要是:大企业自建平台,中小企业上云。大企业拥有资金、人才、企业经营网络等优势,但是并非只有大企业才能建设工业互联网,中小微企业也可以根据自身的需求建设适合自身的工业互联网,且在细分领域借助他们独特的企业实体协作关系网络,让工业互联网落地。

综上所述,当前,我国亟需探索出既体现国内外先进工业思维,同时又符合国情、企情的工业互联网自主模型,形成一个引导工业互联网开发、集成和运行的生态体系框架,兼顾大、中、小、微企业,使其按照各自需求建设工业互联网。

《三、 工业互联网生态系统模型构建及机理》

三、 工业互联网生态系统模型构建及机理

《(一) 工业互联网生态系统》

(一) 工业互联网生态系统

工业互联网生态系统是指与工业相关领域所有工业要素(工业实体、资源、数据、知识等)相互作用所形成的新工业网络以及在其价值链上的诸多利益攸关方,基于数智化技术,按照共融、共生、共赢的原则所形成的动态有机整体。本文通过比较分析多个工业互联网参考模型,提炼出“三维+生态”共性特点,首创提出了工业互联网生态系统模型(IIEM)的概念,并以“数据+知识”作为价值驱动,创建了具有普适性的工业互联网模型,即IIEM(见图1)。通过辨识工业互联网叠加企业实体关系网的良好效果,以“实体+资源”为联接要素,消除企业普遍存在数据与信息“孤岛”。

《图1》

图1 IIEM结构图

《(二) 工业互联网生态系统模型的构成要素》

(二) 工业互联网生态系统模型的构成要素

《1. 工业实体》

1. 工业实体

工业实体由企业实体、产品实体构成,是工业互联网生态系统的第一类核心要素。工业实体以独立的企业实体存在于市场经济运行的企业实体网络体系中,以按期交付优质的产品实体来体现企业价值。无形且刚性的产品制造需求以订单形式驱动并串联了上下游企业实体,形成实体流,以实体维予以描述。

《2. 资源》

2. 资源

资源是工业互联网生态系统不可缺失的第二类核心要素,“产品 ‒ 人 ‒ 机 ‒ 料 ‒ 法 ‒ 环 ‒ 测”构成了企业的资源网络体系。产品的优质高效完成过程是资源汇聚、工艺实现、产品价值持续提升乃至企业价值提升的过程。其间,订单驱动资源不断动态流动,不断改变资源的属性,形成了资源流,以资源维予以描述。

《3. 数据》

3. 数据

数据是工业互联网生态构成的第三类核心要素。产品作为价值载体,其增值过程以数据形式与企业实体网络、资源网络进行交互,映射了工业实体,融合了资源加载下的产品价值流,在不同生命周期阶段和不同层级精确映射、流转、应用,构成了数据网络体系,形成数智流,以数智维予以描述。

《4. 知识》

4. 知识

知识是构成工业互联网生态的第四类核心要素。用知识构建机理模型和数据模型,支持人和机器决策,解决特定问题,是人与客观世界相互作用的基本逻辑和方法。知识是数据、信息经过重构和升维的产物,数字化知识与数据流同流共生。数据流穿透企业实体壁垒,知识指导人和机器正确做事。承载数字化知识的数据流即数智流。

《(三) 工业互联网生态系统模型结构》

(三) 工业互联网生态系统模型结构

IIEM是“三维四流六层”结构,强调以工业实体为中心来规划、建立和运行工业互联网生态系统,如图1所示。

三维,即实体维、资源维和数智维,从3个维度解析工业互联网的实体网络体系、资源网络体系及数据网络体系所叠加形成的生态系统。其中,实体维是一种由企业实体与产品实体共同组成的综合维度,反映了企业内部生产运行和企业外部业务合作实际情况以及产品在不同阶段、不同企业的属性变化情况,如上游企业的终端产品是下游企业的原材料或零部件。实体维的建立超越了仅考虑企业内部互联互通的常规做法,直接引导企业着眼于企业实体之间的互联互通。

四流,即实体流、资源流、数智流和动态价值流。在“三维”上都有表达本维度业务特征的流,三流合一构成了动态价值流。“四流”的流动体现多维度下的价值流动机理。资源流的构成是工业现场最常见的“产品 ‒ 人 ‒ 机 ‒ 料 ‒ 法 ‒ 环 ‒ 测”等要素,适合我国企业情境,是工业互联网常见联接要素。按照制造业的基本逻辑,如图1中实体维和资源维箭头方向所示,实体流和资源流朝着最终产品来流动、汇聚和增值。

六层,即物理层、比特层、数据层、信息层、知识层和决策层。“六层”剖析了数智流在不同层级的价值形态,以比特对物理层不断进行数字化解构,以重构升维、解构降维的方式,揭示企业数字转型的本质与路径。

《(四) 工业互联网生态系统模型的运行机理》

(四) 工业互联网生态系统模型的运行机理

《1. 市场需求串联下的实体流运行机理》

1. 市场需求串联下的实体流运行机理

工业互联网并非仅在企业自身范围内建设和应用,企业实体之间的协作关系尤为重要,这是构成生态系统的关键。无形且刚性的需求以订单形式串联了供应链,凸显一个企业实体与外部实体之间的密切合作关系,构成了实体之间的数字经济关系。

实体一词有两层意思,一是指企业实体,二是供应链上的产品实体。从企业实体角度来看,以供应商、制造商、销售商、用户/维修商为不同代表,在数智化技术的支持下,企业实体之间形成了丰富多元的合作生态,构成融合共生的“供应链网”体系。从产品实体角度来看,以原材料、产成品、商品、在用品为产品实体的不同形态,表达了产品在产品生命周期、工厂生命周期和订单生命周期中的不同环节的阶段性成果;产品实体从原材料开始,按照工艺要求加工成产成品,经由销售网络把商品交付到最终用户,成为在用品,进入日常使用和维护阶段。无论是企业实体的不同代表,还是产品实体的不同形态,这四类企业代表、四种产品形态,贯穿了产品生命周期、工厂生命周期和订单生命周期,是所有企业实体必备的基本生产过程和产品实体的流转增值过程。

在实体维上,企业实体未来核心竞争能力包括各企业实体之间供需关系的准确衔接、产品实体形态增值变化与顺畅流动以及企业实体对“供应链网”控制能力。以往的工业互联网研究更多地把研究重点放在了对“机 ‒ 料 ‒ 法 ‒ 环 ‒ 测”联接上,欠缺对人的联接考虑,包括如何联接人的操作技能、人的管理状态以及由人形成的企业协作关系。

《2. 产品价值加载过程的资源流运行机理》

2. 产品价值加载过程的资源流运行机理

资源维描述了企业研发、生产、运营和管理所需的“产品 ‒ 人 ‒ 机 ‒ 料 ‒ 法 ‒ 环 ‒ 测”资源的属性变化与流动状态。产品实体,不管其处于原材料、在研品、在制品、产成品、商品还是在用品阶段,都需要由其所有者(供应商、制造商、销售商、用户/维修商)来配置各种资源,支持该产品的研发、生产、销售、使用与维护。

技术含量和管理水平越来越高的“产品 ‒ 人 ‒ 机 ‒ 料 ‒ 法 ‒ 环 ‒ 测”,构成了支持企业生产、确保产品质量、配置各种资源的强大的资源流,而且这些术语高度适配中国企业工作语境。

“人”作为特殊资源,可从“人体、人脑、人智、群智”4个层面进行理解和贯通,将其融入工业互联网生态系统网络。“人体”作为生产力,成为完成产品工艺过程的人力资源载体,与机器进行协作;“人脑”与人体精密配合,判断、优化体力劳动与人机协同劳动成果;“人智”则是将人的智力思考过程,以数字化知识形式融入IIEM的知识层,通过知识复用支持数字化决策;“群智”是将多人组成的实现产品增值的生产组织形式以及管理制度和标准规范,精确映射到工业互联网生态系统网络中,既发挥数字化系统的调控力,又充分释放人的创造力。

《3. BDIKW模型支撑数智流运行机理》

3. BDIKW模型支撑数智流运行机理

数据 ‒ 信息 ‒ 知识 ‒ 智慧(DIKW)模型分为数据(D)、信息(I)、知识(K)、智慧(W)4个层次。本文在DIKW模型的基础上,提出了数字化BDIKW模型。以ASCII码为依据,以比特层(B)作为“数字化底座”来解构和重构传统的DIKW模型,形成了“万物源自比特”“数字化一切可以数字化事物”的数字化方法论。BDIKW模型由比特(B)层、数字化数据(D)层、数字化信息(I)层、数字化知识(K)层、数字化决策(W)层构成。其中,数字化决策层是由类人的机器智能做出决策 / 预测,或者人机共同做决策 / 预测。物理层由实体维和资源维组成,表示工业实体。工业实体映射到BDIKW模型中,BDIKW模型中的大数据、AI、5G、工业软件等ICT要素为工业实体赋能(见图2)。

《图2》

图2 数智维上的BDIKW模型

比特是数字化编码符号,而符号的结构本质上是语义结构局部映射 [15]。如机械传动过程、数控机床、自动化生产线,从感知到处理、反馈、控制都是语义的。“符号+语义”构成了人类交流媒介,遵循BDIKW模式运行,引导人造系统走向智能。从符号到语义,从知识到智能,BDIKW模型中的诸要素遵循“比特↔数据↔信息↔知识↔决策”数字化认知过程,不断自底向上重构 / 升维,实现价值升级,或者自顶向下解构/降维,实现广义检索。BDIKW模型解析并阐明了数字化转型的基本工作原理。大数据、AI、5G、工业软件、数字孪生等ICT要素同样也遵循BDIKW模型的运行。

《4. 三. 流合一的动态价值流运行机理》

4. 三. 流合一的动态价值流运行机理

企业实体之间业务往来、需求传递、订单驱动、供应链互动,形成了实体流,并沿实体维流动;承载市场需求的产品,以订单积聚,驱动“产品 ‒ 人 ‒ 机 ‒ 料 ‒ 法 ‒ 环 ‒ 测”资源流,沿资源维流动;穿透企业实体壁垒的数字化数据 / 信息 / 知识汇聚成为数智流,沿数智维流动,不断数字化、解构和优化重构物理层;三流合一汇聚成动态价值流,映射了实体关系网络、资源网络和数据网络的运行逻辑(见图3)。

《图3》

图3 IIEM中的动态价值流流动机理

订单是企业实体运行管理和开展业务活动的关键驱动力。在上下游企业实体需求达成的过程中,依附于供应链载体的无形且刚性的产品制造需求,在云计算、5G、大数据所形成的数智流的承载下,以订单形式强力驱动制造资源的流动,实现产品实体的达成、价值的增值及变现。

在IIEM模型中,上下穿梭、跨层、跨域流动的数智流本质是“价值”在不同层级、不同维度的流动、交互与赋能。动态价值流是工业互联网需要管控、配置和优化的关键对象。对动态价值流的掌控,是工业企业实体融入数字经济的重要能力。

动态价值流以数据形式穿透了企业边界,交汇了不同生命周期,拓宽了价值覆盖范围,加快了决策迭代频度,以个性化、短交期、高价值的产品交付,提升企业实体在全业务链、全价值链、全产业链上的核心竞争力。

IIEM给企业带来的最大好处是未来可以将其融入在工业互联网平台中,在用户无感的情况下应用该模型。笔者在自己开发的“产品化工业互联网”平台中已经初步验证了这一点 [16]。

《四、 工业互联网生态系统模型的应用》

四、 工业互联网生态系统模型的应用

本文以青岛迦南美地家居用品有限公司(简称“迦南美地”)为例,具体阐述IIEM的实施路径与基本步骤。

《(一) 生态定位,选择合作伙伴》

(一) 生态定位,选择合作伙伴

迦南美地是一家中小型传统家纺企业,企业利润薄弱且劳动密集。消费者的个性化定制需求通过企业间合作网络传导给迦南美地,这让其订单结构发生了质的变化,多品种、小批量订单越来越多,倒逼迦南美地将单打独斗的生产模式转变为围绕其订单交付的整体供应链上的协同与快速响应。

在实体维,迦南美地通过盘点其供应链上下游企业如纱线厂、染厂、产品维修服务商乃至客户的战略合作意向,选择可以互信互利、共享数据的紧密合作伙伴;根据订单流动与增值路径,制定在实体维上可以准确对接的产品研制、生产与服务规划,将韧性供应链网构建在工业互联网上,并根据合作伙伴关系开发客商管理生态网络模块,成为其“产品化工业互联网”中的一个基本构成,实现了工业互联网与企业既有实体关系的叠加融合。

《(二) 盘点资源,增长补短统筹》

(二) 盘点资源,增长补短统筹

按照资源维引导,分析既有企业资源的长处与短板,尽可能将企业的“产品 ‒ 人 ‒ 机 ‒ 料 ‒ 法 ‒ 环 ‒ 测”等资源接入工业互联网,明晰现有资源的时空位置、可用程度和安全性,判断哪些资源能够映射到数字空间,从而制定分阶段、分目标的企业数字化内容,更好地统筹、优化和配置资源。经过分析,迦南美地认为,首先应该按照主要产品 ‒ 工艺分类,实现绗机设备数字化、工人操作数字化,即“产品、人、机、法”的工艺数字化。

《(三) 载体转化,业务数据贯通》

(三) 载体转化,业务数据贯通

以往迦南美地记录数据 / 知识的载体通常为“人脑记忆+纸质载体”的传统载体形式,数据 / 知识的传播性和复用性均受到时空限制,在生产过程中经常出现数据差错。为此,迦南美地在数智维的启发与引导下,大力提倡将传统载体数据转换成电脑数据,让数据在软件赋能下,贯通企业各个业务环节,沿着“比特↔数据↔信息↔知识↔决策”的数智维,不断解构、重构原有业务模式,夯实适于工业互联网发展的数字化基础。此外,迦南美地还着重培养员工用数据说话的职业素养,既强调用好生产现场的数据,也重视用好人员管理的数据,基于工业互联网开展业务,从根本上消除数据传递障碍。

《(四) 知识驱动,人智机智齐升》

(四) 知识驱动,人智机智齐升

充分利用工业互联网上自动流动的数据和智能流动的知识,形成基于数据和知识的决策 / 预测,让企业从管理层到员工一起用数据说话,改变传统企业管理方式。智能流动的知识不仅能够提升机器智能(机智),同时反哺企业员工,提升员工智能(人智)。具备新型人智的员工数量和质量,将成为企业未来的竞争优势。

《(五) 管理升级,商业模式变革》

(五) 管理升级,商业模式变革

迦南美地以数据和知识为生产要素,带动了企业管理升级,形成了管理标准、工艺标准、人才标准,并由新建的“群智”团队向其供应商乃至客户输出此标准。至此,迦南美地由制造型企业向生产型服务业转变,带动其供应链生态伙伴共同提升,促进商业模式变革,在IIEM下,正在着手实现:变“硬装备”为“软装备”,变产品为服务,变对手为合作伙伴,找到新赢利点,形成新业态。经过几轮迭代,迦南美地工业互联网生态系统建设基本完成,带动了其他合作伙伴的共同成长,近3年销售额稳步提升,验证了IIEM对中小微企业实施工业互联网的指导性。

上述过程是一个基本实施步骤,其他企业可酌情选用或加入自己的步骤,建议在第四或第五步骤结束时,可以返回第一步骤,选择更广泛的生态合作伙伴,以共同富裕、包容性发展为原则,在本企业既有建设成果基础上,帮助、带动更多的合作伙伴一起建设工业互联网“族群”,向着工业互联网生态系统扎实迈进。

《五、 结语》

五、 结语

工业互联网生态系统的内在机理是实体企业共建生态、需求订单驱动资源、资源汇聚数智决策、数据赋能价值流动和产品企业共升价值。工业互联网与企业既有的实体关系网叠加,将会有效提高应用成功率。中、小、微企业可以在IIEM指导下,充分利用企业自身所具备的地域协作网、家族关系网、乡土合作网在决策快、链路短、易部署等方面优势,基于“产品化工业互联网”解决方案,打造自己的工业互联网生态系统。IIEM具有一定的普适性,满足企业根据企情选择个性化工业互联网实施路径的需求。未来可将IIEM直接融入工业互联网平台,实现大、中、小、微企业都可以“用模型于无形之中”的理想目的,让我国的工业互联网建设,真正形成生态系统,惠及亿万企业。今后,期待IIEM模型在更多的企业、行业进行推广验证,为我国工业互联网的建设提供借鉴。

利益冲突声明

本文作者在此声明彼此之间不存在任何利益冲突或财务冲突。

Received date:October 27, 2021;Revised date: July 2, 2022

Corresponding author:Liu Junyan is a lecturer from the College of Economics and Management, Qingdao University of Science and Technology. Her major research field is industrial engineering. E-mail: l_junyan@163.com

关键词: 工业互联网     生态系统     模型     数智流     动态价值流    

Removal, distribution and plant uptake of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) in a simulated constructed

Weichuan Qiao, Rong Li, Tianhao Tang, Achuo Anitta Zuh

《环境科学与工程前沿(英文)》 2021年 第15卷 第2期 doi: 10.1007/s11783-020-1312-3

摘要: Abstract • PFOS was removed by soil adsorption and plant uptake in the VFCW. • Uptake of PFOS by E. crassipes was more than that of C. alternifolius. • PFOS in wastewater can inhibit the removal of nutrients. • Dosing with PFOS changed the soil microbial community in the VFCW. A vertical-flow constructed wetland (VFCW) was used to treat simulated domestic sewage containing perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS). The removal rate of PFOS in the domestic sewage was 93%–98%, through soil adsorption and plant uptake, suggesting that VFCWs can remove PFOS efficiently from wastewater. The removal of PFOS in the VFCW was dependent on soil adsorption and plant uptake; moreover, the percentage of soil adsorption was 61%–89%, and was higher than that of the plants uptake (5%–31%). The absorption capacity of Eichhornia crassipes (E. crassipes) (1186.71 mg/kg) was higher than that of Cyperus alternifolius (C. alternifolius) (162.77 mg/kg) under 10 mg/L PFOS, and the transfer factor of PFOS in E. crassipes and C. alternifolius was 0.04 and 0.58, respectively, indicating that PFOS is not easily translocated to leaves from roots of wetland plants; moreover, uptake of PFOS by E. crassipes was more than that of C. alternifolius because the biomass of E. crassipes was more than that of C. alternifolius and the roots of E. crassipes can take up PFOS directly from wastewater while C. alternifolius needs to do so via its roots in the soil. The concentration of 10 mg/L PFOS had an obvious inhibitory effect on the removal rate of total nitrogen, total phosphorus, chemical oxygen demand, and ammonia nitrogen in the VFCW, which decreased by 15%, 10%, 10% and 12%, respectively. Dosing with PFOS in the wastewater reduced the bacterial richness but increased the diversity in soil because PFOS stimulated the growth of PFOS-tolerant strains.

关键词: Vertical-flow constructed wetland     Perfluorooctane sulfonate     Wetland plants     Soil microbial community     Effect     Speciality: Wetlands     Transformation     Organic pollutants     Phytoremediation     Exposure assessment     Sewage    

Method of internal 3D flow field numerical simulation for hydrodynamic torque converter

SHANG Tao, ZHAO Dingxuan, ZHANG Yuankun, GUO Xiangen, SHI Xiangzhong

《机械工程前沿(英文)》 2008年 第3卷 第1期   页码 86-90 doi: 10.1007/s11465-008-0012-7

摘要: To enhance the performance of a hydrodynamic torque converter and thoroughly understand the trait of inside flow, a numerical simulation method of internal 3D flow for the three-element centrifugal hydrodynamic torque converter was systematically researched and expatiated in this paper. First, the internal flow field of each impeller was calculated. The curves that illustrate the relationships between the pressure differences of the inlet and outlet versus flux were drawn. Second, the concurrent working point of each impeller was approximately estimated. Finally, a calculation was performed considering the influence on each impeller. The flow field of a working point was solved by multiple calculations and the actual working condition was gradually determined. The pressure and velocity distributions of the flow field were proposed. The performance parameters of the hydrodynamic torque converter were predicted. The calculation method, and the proposed pressure and velocity distribution of the flow field, have practical significance for the design and improvement of a hydrodynamic torque converter.

关键词: velocity distribution     calculation     numerical simulation     three-element centrifugal     converter    

Discrete element method modeling of corn-shaped particle flow in rectangular hopper

He TAO, Baosheng JIN, Wenqi ZHONG, Xiaofang WANG,

《结构与土木工程前沿(英文)》 2010年 第4卷 第2期   页码 267-275 doi: 10.1007/s11709-010-0035-0

摘要: Discrete element method (DEM) was developed to simulate the corn-shaped particles flow in the hopper. The corn-shaped particle was described by four overlapping spheres. Contact force and gravity force were considered when establishing the model. In addition, flowing characteristic of particles in the hopper was studied. The effect of friction coefficient on the wall pressure, voidage and velocity distribution was analyzed. The results show that the discharge rate decreases with the friction coefficient increasing; and the “over-pressure” phenomenon occurs in the discharging process for two different friction coefficients. The voidage also increases as the friction coefficient increasing. And the velocity distribution is more uniformity and is closer to the mass flow with the friction coefficient deceasing.

关键词: discrete         element          method         (DEM)             non-spherical     voidage     pressure     velocity distribution     hopper    

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